Chapter 7: The “diseases” that aren’t diseases

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“level of metabolic dysfunction”

J. Araújo et al. “Prevalence of Optimal Metabolic Health in American Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2016,” Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 17 (1) (2019): 46.
 
Page 109

“Camille Maillard in 1912”

L.C. Maillard. “Action Des Acides Amines Sur Les Sucres; Formation De Melanoidines Par Voie Méthodique,” Comptes Rendus 154  (1912): 66.
 
Page 110
“of oxygen radicals”
H.F. Bunn and P.J. Higgins. “Reaction of Monosaccharides with Proteins: Possible Evolutionary Significance,” Science 213  (1981): 222.
 
“times faster than glucose”
A. Erkin-Cakmak et al. “Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Reduces Serum d-Lactate Concentration in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome,” J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 104 (7) (2019): 3003.
 
Page 112

“in our mitochondria”

D.C. Wallace. “A Mitochondrial Paradigm of Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Aging, and Cancer: A Dawn for Evolutionary Medicine,” Ann. Rev. Genet. 39  (2005): 359.
 

“extreme, cell death”

A. Dandekar et al. “Cross Talk between ER Stress, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Health and Disease,” Methods Mol. Biol. 1292  (2015): 205.
 

“happens in the liver”

V.T. Samuel and G.I. Shulman. “Mechanisms for Insulin Resistance: Common Threads and Missing Links,” Cell 148  (2012): 852.
 

“the pancreas”

M. Liu et al. “Biosynthesis, Structure, and Folding of the Insulin Precursor Protein,” Diabetes Obes. Metab. 20 Suppl 2  (2018): 28.
 
Page 113

“oxidative stress and damage”

P.M. Herst et al. “Functional Mitochondria in Health and Disease,” Front. Endocrinol. 8   (2017): 1.
 

“but there is no magic pill”

R.M. Whitaker et al. “Mitochondrial Biogenesis as a Pharmacological Target: A New Approach to Acute and Chronic Diseases,” Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 56 (2016): 229.
 

“(see Insulin Resistance below)”

J.M. Schwarz et al. “Impact of Dietary Fructose Restriction on Liver Fat, De Novo Lipogenesis, and Insulin Kinetics in Children with Obesity,” Gastroenterology 153   (2017): 743.
 

“and insulin deficiency”

J.A. Isserow et al. “Focal Fatty Infiltration of the Pancreas: MR Characterization with Chemical Shift Imaging,” Am. J. Roentgenol. 173  (1999): 1263.
 

“the earlier you die”

Y. Wang and S. Hekimi. “Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Longevity in Animals: Untangling the Knot,” Science 350  (2015): 1204.
 
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“leading to diabetes”

A.L. Birkenfeld and G.I. Shulman. “Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatic Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes,” Hepatology 59  (2014): 713.
 

“leading to diabetes”

K.F. Petersen et al. “The Role of Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in the Pathogenesis of the Metabolic Syndrome,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104  (2007): 12587.
 

“the environment sure has”

J.T. Haas and S.B. Biddinger. “Dissecting the Role of Insulin Resistance in the Metabolic Syndrome,” Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 20 (3) (2009): 206.
 

“far the biggest player”

C. Monteiro. “Nutrition and Health. The Issue Is Not Food, nor Nutrients, So Much as Processing,” Pub. Health Nutr. 12  (2009): 729.
 

“who are overweight”

A.E. Rinaldi et al. “Dietary Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Overweight and Obese Brazilian Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study,” Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 8 (1) (2016): 58.
 

“who are under stress”

L. Nasreddine et al. “A Minimally Processed Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Lower Odds of Metabolic Syndrome among Lebanese Adults,” Pub. Health Nutr. 21 (1) (2018): 160.
 
Page 117

“cells’ overall fluidity”

Y. Shen et al. “Metabolic Activity Induces Membrane Phase Separation in Endoplasmic Reticulum,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.,  114 (51) (2017): 13394.
 

“radical (see Oxidative stress)”

J.J. DiNicolantonio and J.H. O’Keefe. “Omega-6 Vegetable Oils as a Driver of Coronary Heart Disease: The Oxidized Linoleic Acid Hypothesis,” Open Heart 5 (2) (2018): e000898.
 

“them on your own”

R.M. Bradley et al. “Influence of Tissue, Diet, and Enzymatic Remodeling on Cardiolipin Fatty Acyl Profile,” Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 60 (8) (2016): 1804.
 
Page 118
“as leaky gut”
A. Michielan and R. D’Incà. “Intestinal Permeability in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenesis, Clinical Evaluation, and Therapy of Leaky Gut,” Mediators Inflamm.,   (2015): 2015:628157.
 
“inflammatory response”
P. Dalvi et al. “High Fat Induces Acute and Chronic Inflammation in the Hypothalamus: Effect of High-Fat Diet, Palmitate and TNF-alpha on Appetite-Regulating NPY Neurons,” Int. J. Obes. 41  (2017): 149.
 
“driving chronic disease”
S.E. Shoelson et al. “Inflammation and the IKK Beta/I Kappa B/NF-Kappa B Axis in Obesity- and Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance,” Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 27 Suppl 3 (2003): S49.
 
“signaling pathway as well”
Y. Wei and M.J. Pagliassotti. “Hepatospecific Effects of Fructose on c-jun NH2-Terminal Kinase: Implications for Hepatic Insulin Resistance,” Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 287 (5)  (2004): E926.
 
Page 119

“rest is environmental”

A.J. Lusis et al. “Metabolic Syndrome: From Epidemiology to Systems Biology,” Nat. Rev. Genet. 9  (2008): 819.
 

“origins of health and disease”

G.C. Burdge et al. “Epigenetic Regulation of Transcription: A Mechanism for Inducing Variations in Phenotype (Fetal Programming) by Differences in Nutrition During Early Life?,” Br. J. Nutr. 97  (2007): 1036.
 

“epigenetic inheritance”

M.K. Skinner et al. “Epigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Endocrine Disruptors,” Reprod. Toxicol. 31   (2011): 337.
 

“variations and lifestyle factors”

S.J. van Dijk et al. “Recent Developments on the Role of Epigenetics in Obesity and Metabolic Disease,” Clin. Epigenetics 7  (2015): 66.
 
Page 120
“grocery store-bought bread”
L. Kahn et al. “Spina Bifida Occulta and Aperta: A Review of Current Treatment Paradigms,” J. Neurosurg. Sci. 59  (2015): 79.
 
“early heart disease”
H.J. Blom and Y. Smulders. “Overview of Homocysteine and Folate Metabolism. With Special References to Cardiovascular Disease and Neural Tube Defects,” J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 34  (2011): 75.
 
“activates folic acid”
S.C. Liew and E.D. Gupta. “Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) C677T Polymorphism: Epidemiology, Metabolism and the Associated Diseases,” Eur. J. Med. Genet. 58  (2015): 1.
 
“reduce some of their risk”
D. Li et al. “Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of BHMT Is Associated with Folate Therapy Efficacy in Hyperhomocysteinaemia,” Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 28  (2019): 879.
 
“polyphenols can also modulate it”
L.K. Park et al. “Nutritional Influences on Epigenetics and Age-Related Disease,” Proc. Nutr. Soc. 71  (2012): 75.
 
“cans and plastic bottles”
C.L. Walker. “Minireview: Epigenomic Plasticity and Vulnerability to EDC Exposures,” Mol. Endocrinol. 30  (2016): 848.
 
“stink, and to sink?”
B. Yu.  “San Francisco Bay Area Cities Built on Landfill Are Sinking Faster, Study Finds” CBS5, Mar 7, 2018.
 
Page 121

“garbage night”

A. Louveau et al. “Structural and Functional Features of Central Nervous System Lymphatic Vessels,” Nature 523  (2015): 337.
 

“especially mitochondria”

V.M. Hubbard et al. “Selective Autophagy in the Maintenance of Cellular Homeostasis in Aging Organisms,” Biogerontology 13  (2012): 21.
 

“mitochondria by autophagy”

G. López-Lluch et al. “Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Metabolism and Ageing: Shared Mechanisms and Outcomes?,” Biogerontology 19  (2016): 461.
 

“more efficiently live longer”

Y. Raz et al. “Activation-Induced Autophagy Is Preserved in CD4+ T-Cells in Familial Longevity,” J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 72  (2017): 1201.
 

“to purposefully kill it”

M.J. Berridge. “Vitamin D Deficiency Accelerates Ageing and Age-Related Diseases: A Novel Hypothesis,” J. Physiol. 595  (2017): 6825.
 

“oxygen radical formation”

D. Liu et al. “Thiamine Deficiency and Neurodegeneration: The Interplay among Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Autophagy,” Mol. Neurobiol. 54   (2017): 5440.