Chapter 14: What and how adults eat

Page 199
“keep it down (see Chapter 9)”
R.H. Lustig et al. “Obesity, Leptin Resistance, and the Effects of Insulin Reduction,” International Journal of Obesity 28  (2004): 1344.
 
Page 200
“which continues to climb”
C.M. Hales et al.  Prevalence of Obesity among Adults and Youth: United States, 2015–2016. (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control (USPHS), 2017).
 
they all fared the same:
F.M. Sacks et al. “Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates,” N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (9) (2009): 859.
 
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“Study Zeroes In on Calories, Not Diet, for Loss.”
T. Parker-Pope.  “Study Zeroes in on Calories, Not Diet, for Loss.” New York Times, Feb 25, 2009.
 
“turn off insulin almost completely”
A. Paoli et al. “Beyond Weight Loss: A Review of the Therapeutic Uses of Very-Low-Carbohydrate (Ketogenic) Diets,” Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 67 (8) (2013): 789.
 
“Christopher Gardner’s 2007 A to Z Weight Loss Study”
C.D. Gardner et al. “Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and Learn Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors among Overweight Premenopausal Women: The A to Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial,” JAMA 298  (2007): 969.
 
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“lost equal amounts of weight”
C.D. Gardner et al. “Effect of Low-Fat vs. Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association with Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion: The DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial,” JAMA 319 (7)  (2018): 667.
 
“processed food vs. Real Food”
C.A. Monteiro et al. “Household Availability of Ultra-Processed Foods and Obesity in Nineteen European Countries,” Public Health Nutr. 21 (1)  (2018): 18.
 
Page 203
“controlled trials say they don’t work”
T. Andersen et al. “Formula Diet in the Treatment of Moderate Obesity,” Int. J. Obes. 7 (5)  (1983): 423.
 
“very-low-calorie diet”
S.B. Heymsfield et al. “Weight Management Using a Meal Replacement Strategy: Meta and Pooling Analysis from Six Studies,” Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 27 (5)  (2003): 537.
 
“insulin resistance worsens”
I. Walter-Sack et al. “Alteration of Oral Carbohydrate Tolerance During Administration of a Fiber-Free Formula Diet,” Klin. Wochenschr. 65 (3)  (1987): 121.
 
“weight loss over placebo after one year”
R. Khera et al. “Association of Pharmacological Treatments for Obesity with Weight Loss and Adverse Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” JAMA 315 (22)  (2016): 2424.
 
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“does get the insulin down”
A. Yerevanian and A.A. Soukas. “Metformin: Mechanisms in Human Obesity and Weight Loss,” Curr. Obes. Rep. 8 (2)  (2019): 156.
 
“metformin in obese children with great effect”
D.M. Wilson et al. “Metformin Extended Release Treatment of Adolescent Obesity: A 48-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial with 48-Week Follow-Up,” Arch Pediatr Adol Med 164 (2)  (2010): 116.
 
“with the highest insulin levels”
R.H. Lustig et al. “Insulin Dynamics Predict Predict BMI and z-Score Response to Insulin Suppression or Sensitization Pharmacotherapy in Obese Children,” J. Pediatr. 148 (1)  (2006): 23.
 
“half of them are clinically malnourished”
E. Agarwal et al. “Malnutrition in the Elderly: A Narrative Review,” Maturitas 76 (4)  (2013): 296.
 
“reason people with high fevers become anorectic”
C.M. Gonçalves de Carvalho and S.M. Ribeiro. “Aging, Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Vitamin D: A Mini-Review,” Eur. J.Clin. Nutr. 71 (4)  (2017): 434.
 
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“sensitivity in a majority of obese people”
C.F. Kirkpatrick et al. “Review of Current Evidence and Clinical Recommendations on the Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Very-Low-Carbohydrate (Including Ketogenic) Diets for the Management of Body Weight and Other Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Scientific Statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force,” J. Clin. Lipidol. 13 (5)  (2019): 689.
 
“medication discontinuation in a majority of patients”
S.J. Hallberg et al. “Effectiveness and Safety of a Novel Care Model for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes at 1 Year: An Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Controlled Study,” Diabetes Ther. 9 (2) (2018): 583.
 
“ate only meat for one year”
E. Tolstoi. “The Effect of an Exclusive Meat Diet Lasting One Year on the Carbohydrate Tolerance of Two Normal Men,” J. Biol. Chem. 83  (1929): 747.
 
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“insulin resistance, and insulin levels”
J.R. Garbow et al. “Hepatic Steatosis, Inflammation, and ER Stress in Mice Maintained Long Term on a Very Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet,” Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 300 (6)  (2011): G956.
 
“which reduces appetite”
A.A. Gibson et al. “Do Ketogenic Diets Really Suppress Appetite? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Obes. Rev. 15 (1)  (2015): 64.
 
“induces autophagy (see Chapters 7 and 8)”
P. Puchalska and P.A. Crawford. “Multi-Dimensional Roles of Ketone Bodies in Fuel Metabolism, Signaling, and Therapeutics,” Cell Metab. 25  (2017): 262.
 
“cells and responses in the intestine”
Q.Y. Ang et al. “Ketogenic Diets Alter the Gut Microbiome Resulting in Decreased Intestinal Th17 Cells,” Cell 181 (6) (2020): 1263.
 
“neurons grow and protects against dementia”
S.M. Raefsky and M.P. Mattson. “Adaptive Responses of Neuronal Mitochondria to Bioenergetic Challenges: Roles in Neuroplasticity and Disease Resistance,” Free Radic. Biol. Med. 102  (2017): 203.
 
“as the micronutrients travel with the fiber”
S.S. Christodoulides et al. “The Effect of the Classical and Medium Chain Triglyceride Ketogenic Diet on Vitamin and Mineral Levels,” J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 25 (1) (2012): 16.
 
“as the micronutrients travel with the fiber”
C. Zinn et al. “Assessing the Nutrient Intake of a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat (LCHF) Diet: A Hypothetical Case Study Design,” BMJ Open 8 (2) (2018): e018846.
 
“mitigate chronic disease states”
S.L. Kesl et al. “Effects of Exogenous Ketone Supplementation on Blood Ketone, Glucose, Triglyceride, and Lipoprotein Levels in Sprague-Dawley Rats,” Nutr. Metab. 13  (2016): 9.
 
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“were not different from each other”
S. Matsumoto et al. “Association between Vegetarian Diets and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Non-Hispanic White Participants of the Adventist Health Study-2,” J. Nutr. Sci. 8  (2019): e6.
“very large amounts of fiber”
D. Ornish et al. “Intensive Lifestyle Changes for Reversal of Coronary Heart Disease,” JAMA 280 (23) (1998): 2001.
“vitamin B12, and tryptophan”
J.A. Schmidt et al. “Plasma Concentrations and Intakes of Amino Acids in Male Meat-Eaters, Fish-Eaters, Vegetarians and Vegans: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in the EPIC-Oxford Cohort,” Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 70 (3)  (2016): 306.
“vitamin B12, and tryptophan”
K.S. Woo et al. “Vegan Diet, Subnormal Vitamin B-12 Status and Cardiovascular Health,” Nutrients 8 (8)  (2014): 3259.
“from 2 to 3 percent of Americans”
R.J. Reinhart. 2018. “Snapshot: Few Americans Vegetarian or Vegan,” Well-Being (blog), Gallup. Aug 1, 2018.
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“vegans revert back to eating meat”
J. Anderson.  “‘Reduce’ or ‘Go Veg’? Effects on Meal Choice,” (Faunalytics, 2020).
 
“lowers visceral (belly) fat”
X. Liu et al. “Diets Low in Saturated Fat with Different Unsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles Similarly Increase Serum-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1 Macrophages in a Population with or at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome: The Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial,” J. Nutr. 148 (5)  (2018): 721.
 
“partially hydrogenated for shelf stability”
S. O’Keefe et al. “Levels of Trans Geometrical Isomers of Essential Fatty Acids in Some Unhydrogenated U.S. Vegetable Oils,” J.Food Lipids 1  (1994): 165.
 
“heating (see Chapter 18)”
D.R. Daniel et al. “Nonhydrogenated Cottonseed Oil Can Be Used as a Deep Fat Frying Medium to Reduce Trans-Fatty Acid Content in French Fries,” J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 105 (12)  (2005): 1927.
 
“leading to liver inflammation”
D. Chiabrando et al. “Heme in Pathophysiology: A Matter of Scavenging, Metabolism and Trafficking across Cell Membranes,” Front. Pharmacol. 5   (2014): 61.
 
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“fresh mitochondria, inhibit mTOR”
J. Most et al. “Calorie Restriction in Humans: An Update,” Ageing Res. Rev.. 39   (2017): 46.
 
“ramp up autophagy”
S.H. Lee et al. “Sirtuin Signaling in Cellular Senescence and Aging,” BMB Reports 52 (1)  (2019): 24.
 
“physical activity goes down”
L.M. Redman et al. “Metabolic Slowing and Reduced Oxidative Damage with Sustained Caloric Restriction Support the Rate of Living and Oxidative Damage Theories of Aging,” Cell Metab. 27 (4)  (2018): 805.
 
“and lower your insulin”
R. de Cabo and M.P. Mattson. “Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease,” N. Engl. J. Med. 381  (2019): 2541.
 
“and longer life span”
S. Brandhorst et al. “A Periodic Diet That Mimics Fasting Promotes Multi-System Regeneration, Enhanced Cognitive Performance, and Healthspan,” Cell Metab. 22 (1)  (2015): 86.
 
“and you burn faster”
E. Ravussin et al. “Early Time-Restricted Feeding Reduces Appetite and Increases Fat Oxidation but Does Not Affect Energy Expenditure in Humans,” Obesity 27 (8)  (2019): 1244.
 
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“particularly in the liver”
E.F. Sutton et al. “Early Timerestricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes,” Cell Metab. 27 (6)  (2018): 1212.
“eleven pounds over ten weeks”
R.V. Seimon et al. “Do Intermittent Diets Provide Physiological Benefits over Continuous Diets for Weight Loss? A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials,” Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 418 Pt 2  (2015): 153.
“with caloric restriction results”
J.F. Trepanowski et al. “Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” JAMA Intern. Med. 177 (7)  (2017): 930.
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“fixed by just adding a supplement”

G. Davì et al. “Nutraceuticals in Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome,” Cardiovasc. Ther. 28   (2010): 216.

 

“linked to increased rates of mortality”

P.T. Gee. “Unleashing the Untold and Misunderstood Observations on Vitamin E,” Genes Nutr. 6  (2011): 5.

 

“CoQ10 supplementation on lipids”

M.V. Jorat et al. “The Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lipid Profiles among Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” Lipids Health Dis. 17 (1)  (2018): 230.

 

“show promise in animals”

Y. Rochlani et al. “Metabolic Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Management, and Modulation by Natural Compounds,” Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis. 11 (8)  (2017): 215.

 

“data don’t support their use”

J. Heshmati et al. “The Effects of Supplementation with Chromium on Insulin Resistance Indices in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials,” Horm. Metab. Res. 50 (3)  (2018): 193.

 
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“improving cognitive function”
H. Gao et al. “Fish Oil Supplementation and Insulin Sensitivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Lipids Health Dis. 16 (1)  (2017): 131.
 
“has been anything but conclusive”
F. Potì et al. “Polyphenol Health Effects on Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Review and Meta-Analysis,” Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20 (2)  (2019): 351.
 
“inflammatory mediators associated with infection”
M.A. Mansournia et al. “The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” Horm. Metab. Res. 50 (8)  (2018): 429.
 
“which can result in improved glycemic control”
X. Li et al. “The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Nutrients 10 (3) (2018): 375.
 
“primary place in the battle against COVID-19”
M. Ebadi and A.J. Montano-Loza. “Perspective: Improving Vitamin D Status in the Management of Covid-19,” Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 74 (6) (2020): 856.
 
“primary place in the battle against COVID-19”
W.B. Grant et al. “Evidence That Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and Covid-19 Infections and Deaths,” Nutrients 12 (4) (2020): E988.
 
“beneficial in treating metabolic syndrome”
R. Tabrizi et al. “The Effects of Folate Supplementation on Lipid Profiles among Patients with Metabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 12 (3) (2018): 423.
 
“cancer risk in animals”
F. Madeo et al. “Spermidine in Health and Disease,” Science 359 (6374) (2018): eaan2788.
 
“which is done with a prebiotic”
M. Matsumoto. “Prevention of Atherosclerosis by the Induction of Microbial Polyamine Production in the Intestinal Lumen,” Biol. Pharm. Bull. 43 (2)  (2020): 221.
 
“even more toxic that we think”
G. Bjelakovic et al. “Antioxidant Supplements for Prevention of Mortality in Healthy Participants and Patients with Various Diseases,” Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 14 (3) (2012): CD007176.
 
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“slightly higher rate of mortality”
J. Mursu et al. “Dietary Supplements and Mortality Rate in Older Women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study,” Arch. Int. Med. 171  (2011): 1625.
 
“factors that change your behavior”
J.A. Foster and K.A.M. Neufeld. “Gut–Brain Axis: How the Microbiome Influences Anxiety and Depression,” Trends Neurosci. 36 (5)  (2014): 305.
 
“inflammatory mediators that cause disease”
S. Ghaisas et al. “Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease: Linking the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Environmental Factors in the Pathogenesis of Systemic and Neurodegenerative Diseases,” Pharmacol. Ther. 158  (2016): 52.
 
“gut of beneficial vaginal flora”
M. Reyman et al. “Impact of Delivery Mode-Associated Gut Microbiota Dynamics on Health in the First Year of Life,” Nat, Commun. 10 (1)  (2019): 4997.
 
“took when you were twenty”
A. Vich Vila et al. “Impact of Commonly Used Drugs on the Composition and Metabolic Function of the Gut Microbiota,” Nat. Commun. 11 (1)  (2020): 362.
 
“maybe it’s the diet sweeteners”
J. Suez et al. “Artificial Sweeteners Induce Glucose Intolerance by Altering the Gut Microbiota,” Nature 514  (2014): 181.
 
Page 214
“and more metabolic syndrome”
L. Schnabel et al. “Association between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Results from the French Nutrinet-Santé Cohort,” Am. J. Gastroenterol. 113 (8)  (2018): 1217.
 
“Probiotics can’t fix this”
Y. Derwa et al. “Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis: The Efficacy of Probiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease,” Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 46 (4)  (2017): 389.
 
“two days of adopting a high-fiber diet”
L.A. David et al. “Diet Rapidly and Reproducibly Alters the Human Gut Microbiome,” Nature 505  (2014): 559.
 
“maybe those bacteria will take”
R. Ferrarese et al. “Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics for Weight Loss and Metabolic Syndrome in the Microbiome Era,” Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 22 (21)  (2018): 7588.
 
“anaphylactic shock have doubled”
S.H. Sicherer and H.A. Sampson. “Food Allergy: A Review and Update on Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management,” J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 141 (1)  (2018): 41.
 
Page 215
“aren’t even aware of their condition”
J.F. Ludvigsson and J.A. Murray. “Epidemiology of Celiac Disease,” Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 48 (1)  (2019): 1.
 
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“explained this disorder to me”
C. DeGeeter and S. Guandalini. “Food Sensitivities: Fact Versus Fiction,” Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 47 (4)  (2018): 895.
 
“only two of them are the ones in gluten”
V.F. Zevallos et al. “Nutritional Wheat Amylase-Trypsin Inhibitors Promote Intestinal Inflammation Via Activation of Myeloid Cells,” Gastroenterology 152 (5)  (2017): 1100.
 
“metabolic status short-term”
D. Zeevi et al. “Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses,” Cell 163 (5)  (2015): 1079.