“health was the new morality”

K. Lebesco. “Fat Panic and the New Morality,” in Against Health: How Health Became the New Morality, ed. J. Metzl and A. Kirkland (New York: NYU Press, 2010), 72-82.

“fat makes you fat”

Food Insight. “2018 Food & Health Survey,” International Food Information Council, May 13, 2018.

“even if their calorie count is the same”

K.L. Stanhope et al. “Pathways and Mechanisms Linking Dietary Components to Cardiometabolic Disease: Thinking Beyond Calories,” Obes. Rev. 19 (9) (2018): 1205.

“protein about 25 to 30 percent”

C.S. Johnston et al. “Postprandial Thermogenesis Is Increased 100% on a High-Protein, Low-Fat Diet Versus a High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diet in Healthy, Young Women,” J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 21  (2002): 55.

“In one study”

M. Maersk et al. “Sucrose-Sweetened Beverages Increase Fat Storage in the Liver, Muscle, and Visceral Fat Depot: A 6-month Randomized Intervention Study,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95 (2012): 283.

“They lost another 6 pounds”

A. Madjd et al. “Effects of Replacing Diet Beverages with Water on Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance: 18-Month Follow-up, Randomized Clinical Trial,” Int. J. Obes. 42 (4) (2018): 835.

“Insulin again”

M.Y. Pepino et al. “Sucralose Affects Glycemic and Hormonal Responses to an Oral Glucose Load,” Diab. Care, 36 (9) (2013): 2530.

“unrelated to calories”

J. Suez et al. “Artificial Sweeteners Induce Glucose Intolerance by Altering the Gut Microbiota,” Nature 514  (2014): 181.

“insulin-like properties of their own”

Y. Masubuchi et al. “A Novel Regulatory Function of Sweet Taste-Sensing Receptor in Adipogenic Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Cells,” PLoS One 8 (1) (2013): e54500.

“sucrose and diet sweeteners”

K.J. Yin et al. “Effects of Different Sweeteners on Behavior and Neurotransmitters Release in Mice,” J. Food Sci. Technol. 57 (1) (2020): 113.

“obesity and diabetes development”

S.E. Swithers. “Artificial Sweeteners Produce the Counterintuitive Effect of Inducing Metabolic Derangements,” Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 24 (9) (2013): 431.

“oxidative stress, membrane integrity, and inflammation”

A.K. Choudhary and E. Pretorius. “Revisiting the Safety of Aspartame, ” Nutr. Rev. 75 (9)  (2017): 716.

“studies that showed no harm”

E.P. Millstone and E. Dawson. “EFSA’s Toxicological Assessment of Aspartame: Was It Even-Handedly Trying to Identify Possible Unreliable Positives and Unreliable Negatives?,” Arch. Public Health 77  (2019): 34.

“fat will develop and deposit”

D. Shungin et al. “New Genetic Loci Link Adipose and Insulin Biology to Body Fat Distribution,” Nature 518  (2015): 187.

“thus feeding the gut”

M.S. Desai et al. “A Dietary Fiber-Deprived Gut Microbiota Degrades the Colonic Mucus Barrier and Enhances Pathogen Susceptibility,” Cell 167 (5)  (2016): 1339.

“in turn preventing liver insulin resistance”

M.O. Weickert and A.F.H. Pfeiffer. “Metabolic Effects of Dietary Fiber Consumption and Prevention of Diabetes,” J. Nutr. 138  (2008): 439.

“black hat bacteria (e.g., Firmicutes)”

L.A. David et al. “Diet Rapidly and Reproducibly Alters the Human Gut Microbiome,” Nature 505  (2014): 559.

“secretion from the pancreas”

R. Ferrarese et al. “Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics for Weight Loss and Metabolic Syndrome in the Microbiome Era,” Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 22 (21)  (2018): 7588.

“the original grain seed”

Oldways Whole Grain Council.  “Definition of a Whole Grain,” (Oldways, 2020).

“advocated a low-fat diet”

A.F. LaBerge. “How the Ideology of Low Fat Conquered America,” J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. 63   (2008): 139.

“more insulin, more inflammation”

T. Temelkova-Kurktschiev et al. “Subclinical Inflammation Is Strongly Related to Insulin Resistance but Not to Impaired Insulin Secretion in a High Risk Population for Diabetes,” Metabolism 51 (6)  (2002): 743.

“and higher mortality”

F. de Vegt et al. “Hyperglycaemia Is Associated with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in the Hoorn Population: The Hoorn Study,” Diabetologia 42 (8)  (1999): 926.

“inherent GI are readily available”

K. Foster-Powell and J. Brand-Miller. “International Tables of Glycemic Index,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62 (4)  (1995): 871S.

“help you lose weight”

M. Slabber et al. “Effects of a Low-Insulin-Response, Energy-Restricted Diet on Weight Loss and Plasma Insulin Concentrations in Hyperinsulinemic Obese Females,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60 (1)  (1994): 48.

“and promotes obesity”

D.S. Ludwig. “The Glycemic Index: Physiological Mechanisms Relating to Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease,” JAMA 287  (2002): 2414.

“respond differently to the same food”

D. Zeevi et al.  “Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses,” Cell 163 (5)  (2015): 1079.

“respond differently to the same food”

A.G. Pittas et al. “A Low-Glycemic Load Diet Facilitates Greater Weight Loss in Overweight Adults with High Insulin Secretion but Not in Overweight Adults with Low Insulin Secretion in the CALERIE Trial,” Diab. Care 28  (2005): 2939.

“beneficial effect of fiber”

A. Esfahani et al. “The Application of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load in Weight Loss: A Review of the Clinical Evidence,” IUBMB Life 63  (2011): 7.

“Glycemic Index Foundation of Australia”

Glycemic Index Foundation. “GI and Sugar: Total Carbohydrates More Important Than Sugars Alone,” (Sydney: Glycemic Index Foundation, 2020).

“weight loss or heart disease”

B.V. Howard et al. “Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Weight Change over 7 Years: The Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial,” JAMA 295 (1)  (2006): 39.

“weight loss or heart disease”

B.V. Howard et al. “Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial,” JAMA 295 (6) (2006): 655.

“their risk of dying by 70 percent”

C.E. Ramsden et al. “Re-Evaluation of the Traditional Diet-Heart Hypothesis: Analysis of Recovered Data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment (1968-73),” BMJ 353  (2016): i1246.

“he published the findings”

I.D. Frantz et al. “Test of Effect of Lipid Lowering by Diet on Cardiovascular Risk. The Minnesota Coronary Survey,” Arteriosclerosis. 9  (1989): 129.

“they’re cardiovascularly neutral”

A. Malhotra et al. “Saturated Fat Does Not Clog the Arteries: Coronary Heart Disease Is a Chronic Inflammatory Condition, the Risk of Which Can Be Effectively Reduced from Healthy Lifestyle Interventions,” Br. J. Sports Med. 51 (15)  (2017): 1111.

“like diabetes and heart disease”

M.Y. Yakoob et al. “Circulating Biomarkers of Dairy Fat and Risk of Incident Diabetes Mellitus among Men and Women in the United States in Two Large Prospective Cohorts,” Circulation 133 (17)  (2016): 1645.

“both in the body”

S. Fatima et al. “Palmitic Acid Is an Intracellular Signaling Molecule Involved in Disease Development,” Cell Mol. Life Sci. 76 (13)  (2019): 2547.

“and in the brain”

M. Valdearcos et al. “Microglia Dictate the Impact of Saturated Fat Consumption on Hypothalamic Inflammation and Neuronal Function,” Cell Rep. 9 (6)  (2014): 2124.

“and in the brain”

E.K. Tse et al. “Role of the Saturated Fatty Acid Palmitate in the Interconnected Hypothalamic Control of Energy Homeostasis and Biological Rhythms,” Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 315 (2)  (2018): E133.

“insulin resistance and DNL”

D.A. Nicholas et al. “Fatty Acid Metabolites Combine with Reduced Beta-Oxidation to Activate Th17 Inflammation in Human Type 2 Diabetes,” Cell Metab. 30 (3)  (2019): 447.

“in corn products”

X.X. Lu et al. “Studies on the Functional Property of Enzymatic Modified Corn Protein,” Food Science 21  (2000): 13.

“and drive chronic disease”

C.J. Lynch and S.H. Adams. “Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Metabolic Signalling and Insulin Resistance,” Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 10 (12)  (2014): 723.

“causes vascular disease”

W. Zhu et al. “Gut Microbe-Generated Trimethylamine N-Oxide from Dietary Choline Is Prothrombotic in Subjects,” Circulation 135 (17) (2017): 1671.

“and leads to insulin resistance”

S. Chen et al. “Trimethylamine N-Oxide Binds and Activates PERK to Promote Metabolic Dysfunction,” Cell Metab. 30 (6)  (2019): 1141.

“isn’t a big driver of diabetes”

M. Talaei et al. “Meat, Dietary Heme Iron, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Singapore Chinese Health Study,” Am. J. Epidemiol. 188 (7)  (2017): 824.

“HR ratio of 1.51 per 50 grams”

R. Micha et al. “Unprocessed Red and Processed Meats and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes–an Updated Review of the Evidence,” Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 14 (6)  (2012): 515.